State apologies in international diplomacy: Spain, Morocco and the Rif in the centenary of the Spanish protectorate (1912-2012)”.

Abstract

The last two decades have seen a proliferation of state apologies whereby a number of states have acknowledged previous wrongs against other states and apologized for historical injustices committed against domestic minorities. This article examines demands for apologies related to the use of chemical warfare by the Spanish army during the Rif War (Morocco, 1921-1926). The article explores the limits and constraints of the so-called "apologetic diplomacy" and its influence in bilateral relations between Spain and Morocco. It argues that demands for apologies present Spain a problem and also an opportunity to improve relations with Morocco in the centenary of the Treaty of Protectorate (1912-2012).